原文標題： China tightens rules to block Pakistan rare earths exports to US 原文連結：https://tinyurl.com/2mrkbphz 發布時間：October 10, 2025 記者署名：Jeff Pao 原文內容： China has announced new measures restricting the export of its rare-earth extraction technologies after learning that Pakistan uses Chinese equipment to produce niche metals for the United States. 中國在得知巴基斯坦使用中國設備為美國生產利基金屬後，宣布了新的措施，限制其稀 土萃取技術的出口。 The new rules, issued by the Chinese Commerce Ministry, cover rareearth production, processing and separation equipment, as well as related raw and auxiliary materials. Overseas rare earths producers need to apply for export licenses from the Chinese government to obtain China’s extraction technologies and separation equipment. 這些由中國商務部發布的新規定涵蓋稀土生產、加工和分離設備，以及相關的原料和輔 助材料。海外稀土生產商需要向中國政府申請出口許可證，才能獲得中國的萃取技術和分 離設備。 The Commerce Ministry and China Customs also released four related documents extending export controls across strategic materials on the same day. The documents said China will: add synthetic diamond powders, single crystals, diamond wire saws and related equipment to the export control list; establish licensing systems for rare-earth separation and extraction technologies and equipment; ban exports of specific middle and heavy rare-earth metals, alloys, oxides and compounds; restrict exports of lithium-battery components and artificial graphite materials. 商務部和中國海關也在同一天發布了四份相關文件，擴大對戰略材料的出口管制。這些 文件表示中國將：將合成鑽石粉末、單晶、鑽石線鋸和相關設備加入出口管制清單；建立 稀土分離和萃取技術及設備的許可制度；禁止出口特定中重稀土金屬、合金、氧化物和化 合物；限制鋰電池組件和人造石墨材料的出口。 Exporters must identify dual-use items and provide detailed technical parameters if products approach control thresholds, according to the documents . The unified measures will take effect on November 8, just two days before the November 10 expiration date of the current trade truce between the US and China. 根據這些文件，出口商必須識別兩用物品，如果產品接近管制閾值，則需提供詳細的技 術參數。這些統一措施將於11月8日生效，這正好是美中當前貿易休戰期11月10日到期前 兩天。 Beijing’s latest move follows a memorandum of understanding signed on September 8 between the Pakistani government and US Strategic Metals to produce critical minerals in Pakistan. It also precedes a potential meeting between President Xi Jinping and US President Donald Trump during the APEC summit in South Korea later this month. 北京的最新舉措是在巴基斯坦政府與美國戰略金屬公司於9月8日簽署諒解備忘錄之後， 該備忘錄旨在在巴基斯坦生產關鍵礦物。它也發生在習近平主席和美國總統唐納德·特朗 普在本月晚些時候在韓國舉行的APEC峰會上可能會晤之前。 Iron brotherhood 鐵兄弟 China holds a leading position in the global market for critical minerals, particularly rare earths, lithium, cobalt and nickel. It controls more than 60 % of global rare earth production, approximately 70% of lithium refining, nearly 70% of cobalt processing and over 90% of battery-grade graphite output. This dominance stems from years of state investment, technological advancements and pursuit of a national strategy centered on resource security and industrial development. 中國在全球關鍵礦物市場中佔據領先地位，特別是稀土、鋰、鈷和鎳。它控制了全球稀 土生產的60%以上、鋰精煉的約70%、鈷加工的近70%，以及電池級石墨產量的90%以上。這 種主導地位源於多年的國家投資、技術進步，以及以資源安全和產業發展為中心的國家戰 略追求。 This position gave Beijing significant strategic leverage as it moved to align trade and resource policies with national priorities. However, this advantage was undermined by Pakistan’s recent decision to sell rare earths to the US. 這一地位為北京提供了重要的戰略槓桿，因為它將貿易和資源政策與國家優先事項保持 一致。然而，這一優勢被巴基斯坦最近決定向美國出售稀土所削弱。 “The first phase of this deal is envisaged at approximately US$500 million of investments into Pakistan’s critical minerals sector,” the Pakistani prime minister’s office said last month. 「這項交易的第一階段預計將投資約5億美元進入巴基斯坦的關鍵礦物部門，」巴基斯坦 總理辦公室上個月表示。 The South Asian country has reportedly shipped the first batch of rare earth elements to the US. Chinese media used to describe Pakistan as China’s “iron brother,” meaning that the duo have very close diplomatic and trade relations. Both countries are now developing the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, a key part of Beijing’s Belt and Road Initiative. 據報導，這南亞國家已向美國運送了第一批稀土元素。中國媒體過去常用「鐵兄弟」來 描述巴基斯坦，意味著兩國擁有非常密切的外交和貿易關係。目前兩國正在開發中巴經濟 走廊，這是北京一帶一路倡議的關鍵部分。 “Pakistan’s five million metric tons of rare earths reserves, worth several trillion dollars, have suddenly become a new focal point in the strategic rivalry between China and the US,” a Shandong-based columnist says in an article titled “Pakistan’s key minerals saved the US defense industry at the last moment.” 「巴基斯坦的五百萬公噸稀土儲量，價值數萬億美元，突然成為中美戰略競爭的新焦點 ，」一位山東專欄作家在一篇題為「巴基斯坦關鍵礦物在最後一刻拯救了美國國防產業」 的文章中表示。 “American defense contractors urgently need these rare earths to sustain production of F35 fighter jets and nuclear submarines. Meanwhile, China, with 92% of the world’s rare-earth refining capacity, retains control of the key extraction and purification technologies.” 「美國國防承包商迫切需要這些稀土來維持F-35戰鬥機和核潛艇的生產。與此同時，中 國擁有全球92%的稀土精煉能力，保留了關鍵萃取和純化技術的控制權。」 He says that the actual value of underground rare earths lies in the separation technologies because 90% of the 250 rare-earth minerals discovered globally occur in mixed form. 他表示，地下稀土的實際價值在於分離技術，因為全球發現的250種稀土礦物中90%以混 合形式存在。 “The extraction and purification of rare earths is like picking black beans from a bowl of sesame,” he says. “Even if the US invests heavily in Pakistan ’s rare-earth mining, the final products will likely fall short of military- grade standards without China’s processing expertise.” 「稀土的萃取和純化就像從一碗芝麻中挑黑豆一樣，」他說。「即使美國在巴基斯坦的 稀土開採上大量投資，如果沒有中國的加工專長，最終產品很可能達不到軍事級標準。」 “Pakistan may have earned quick money by accepting US investment and granting mining rights for rare earth development,” says a Shanghai-based writer who identifies himself as a financial planner, “but whether this short -term gain will turn into a long-term benefit remains uncertain. Such a deal, made amid major-power rivalry, could prove risky.” 「巴基斯坦通過接受美國投資並授予稀土開發的開採權，可能賺到了快錢，」一位上海 作家自稱為財務規劃師，他說，「但這種短期收益是否會轉化為長期利益仍不確定。在大 國競爭中達成的這種交易可能會有風險。」 He adds: “It will not be easy for Pakistan to strike a political balance between China and the US, while any misstep could be costly. As long as Pakistan avoids actions that hurt China’s core interests, the foundation of China–Pakistan friendship will remain strong. Pakistan needs to remember who its true brother is.” 他補充道：「巴基斯坦要在中美之間維持政治平衡並不容易，任何失誤都可能付出代價 。只要巴基斯坦避免傷害中國核心利益的中巴友誼基礎就會保持堅固。巴基斯坦需要記住 誰才是它的真正兄弟。」 China’s extraction know-how 中國的精鍊專長 China’s rare-earth extraction relies mainly on solvent extraction and ion exchange, processes that use small chemical differences to separate elements. In solvent extraction, organic liquids pull specific rare earths from solution , while ion exchange uses resin columns to isolate ions. Because these elements share similar properties, separation is challenging and often requires additional steps, such as centrifugation or electrolysis, to achieve high purity. 中國的稀土精鍊主要依賴溶劑萃取和離子交換，這些過程利用元素間微小的化學差異來 分離元素。在溶劑萃取中，有機液體從溶液中提取特定稀土，而離子交換則使用樹脂柱來 隔離離子。由於這些元素具有相似的性質，分離具有挑戰性，通常需要額外的步驟，如離 心或電解，以達到高純度。 Chinese media have praised chemist Xu Guangxian (1920–2015) for separating praseodymium and neodymium with countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction. Xu’s work culminating in his 1974 success took place at a time when China was under Mao Zedong’s control during the Cultural Revolution and facing severe restrictions on scientific research. 中國媒體讚揚化學家徐光憲（1920–2015）使用逆流液-液萃取分離鐠和釹。徐的工作在 1974年取得成功，當時中國正處於毛澤東控制的文化大革命時期，科學研究面臨嚴格限制 。 Born in 1920 in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, Xu graduated from Shanghai Jiaotong University in 1944 and later earned a PhD in physical chemistry from Columbia University in the US in 1951. After returning to China, he taught at Peking University. In 1972 his department received a military assignment to separate the rare earth elements praseodymium and neodymium, which were then difficult to separate because of their similar properties. 徐於1920年出生於浙江省紹興，1944年畢業於上海交通大學，後於1951年在美國哥倫比 亞大學獲得物理化學博士學位。回國後，他在北大任教。1972年，他的系部接到軍事任務 ，分離稀土元素鐠和釹，當時由於它們的相似性質而難以分離。 Xu completed the task two years later using a countercurrent extraction process, which separates metals by repeatedly washing them through liquid layers with different chemical affinities. He published his findings in 1975 and became a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. 兩年後，徐使用逆流萃取過程完成了任務，該過程通過反覆將金屬洗滌通過具有不同化 學親和力的液體層來分離金屬。他於1975年發表了他的發現，並於1980年成為中國科學院 院士。 In fact, Xu was not the first to achieve this separation. Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach first isolated praseodymium and neodymium in 1885 through a process of fractional crystallization. In the mid-1950s, researchers at Argonne and Oak Ridge National Laboratories in the US advanced the science with liquid-liquid solvent extraction, establishing the technical foundation for achieving the 99.9% purity standards that define modern rare-earth refining. 事實上，徐並不是第一個實現這種分離的人。奧地利化學家卡爾·奧爾·馮·韋爾斯巴 赫於1885年通過分級結晶過程首次分離鐠和釹。在1950年代中期，美國阿貢和橡樹嶺國家 實驗室的科學家使用液-液溶劑萃取推進了這一科學，建立了達到99.9%純度標準的技術基 礎，這定義了現代稀土精煉。 China today maintains a dominant, near-monopoly position in the global supply of neodymium magnets, accounting for more than 85% of total production. These high-performance magnets are indispensable in advanced industries, powering the permanent-magnet motors of Tesla Model 3 vehicles, the flight control systems of F35 fighter jets and the vibration motors inside iPhones. 如今，中國在全球釹磁鐵供應中維持主導的近壟斷地位，佔總產量的85%以上。這些高性 能磁鐵在先進產業中不可或缺，為特斯拉Model 3車輛的永磁電機、F-35戰鬥機的飛行控 制系統以及iPhone內部的振動馬達提供動力。 In China, well-known providers of rare earth extraction equipment include Zhengzhou Tiei Extraction Technology and Baotou Shibo Rare Earth Extraction & Equipment Co., Ltd. 在中國，知名的稀土萃取設備供應商包括鄭州鐵億萃取技術和包頭世博稀土萃取與設備 有限公司。 心得/評論： 美國雖能開採稀土 但缺乏分離與精煉能力 中國仍握有最關鍵瓶頸戰略 稀土是F-35戰機、核潛艇、導彈系統不可或缺的材料 美國會更加速去中國化 強化與盟國合作 並投資於美國本土分離技術 如MP Materials、Lynas等 -- ※ 發信站: 批踢踢實業坊(ptt.cc), 來自: 150.117.197.145 (臺灣) ※ 文章網址: https://webptt.cc/bbs/Stock/M.1760235945.A.54A.html